1. (no5) Let A CONSONANT FINAL in an ={n be called '<i'(No7,).

An ={n is defined as signifying an 'original enunciation'-that is

to say, an affix, (|iɪ, NO 139,) or an augment(+MɨNo 102 ), or a

verbal root(vi,No 49), or, in short, any form of expression which

occurs in technical treatises on grammar, and which is not a word

ready for use, but one of the supposed original elements of a word.#

2. (no6) { (elision, or the substitution of a blank) signifies

DISAPPEARANCE. Let this be the term for the disappearance of anything

previously apparent.#

3. (no7) In the room OF THAT which is called 'it,' let there be

A BLANK. Thus all the final consonants in the ʶɴ jɺ are left

out of view, when these are employed to designate any class of

letters; the use of the h and the rest of the fourteen being to assist

in forming the brief names of these classes, s explained in the rule

here following.#

4. (no8) LET AN INITIAL LETTER, WITH AN 'IT' LETTER AS A FINAL, be

the name of itself, and of the intervening letters. Thus, let 'an,'

formed of 'a' as its initial letter, and of 'h' (No.7) as its

final, be the name of '+' itself and of '<' and '=' which

intervene betwixt '+' and 'h'. So let '+U' be the name

of '+', '<', '=', '@', '', 'B', '+', 'B', '+', that is to say, of

all the vowels; let '' be the name of all the consonants between

'' inclusive in the fifth ʶɴ jɺ, and the '' which closes the

list; and '+' the name of all the letters together, both vowels

and consonants; and so of other |iɽɮ, or names of classes

of letters.#

5. (no9) LET A VOWEL WHOSE TIME (or prosodial length) is THAT

OF short =, long =, and prolated =, be called accordingly

SHORT, LONG, PROLATED. These again are severally threefold,

according to the division of 'acutely accented &c.,' here following.#

6. (no10) A vowel uttered WITH A HIGH TONE is said to be

ACUTELY ACCENTED. (The grammarians describe this accentuation

as being the result of employing, in the utterance of the vowel,

what they call the upper half of the organ , that is to say of

the palate, lips, &c., see No.14).#

7. (no11) A vowel uttered WITH A LOW TONE is said to be GRAVELY ACCENTED.#

8. (no12) When there is A COMBINATION of the acute and grave

accent, the vowel HAS THE CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT. The application of the

three accents to the three several prosodial lengths gives nine

varieties of each vowel. This nine-fold variety is further doubled

by the presence or absence of nasality, which is next to be defined.#

9. (no13) Let THAT WHICH IS PRONOUNCED BY THE NOSE ALONG WITH THE MOUTH

be called NASAL. Thus, of the letters + < = @, there are severally

eighteen different modifications. Of the letter there are only

twelve, because it does not possess the long (but only the short

and the prolated) prosodial time(No.9). Of the letters B B + + also

only twelve modifications,

because these have not the short prosodial time.#

10. (no14) Let two letters HAVING THE SAME ORGAN (or place of origin)

such as the palate, &c., and attended WITH THE SAME EFFORT of utterance

within the mouth, be called HOMOGENEOUS one with another. Eiɪx

remarks on this : 'The homogeneousness of @ and ,one with another, should

be stated'. This form of expression - viz., 'should be stated'-distinguishes the suplementary remarks (iE) of Eiɪx.#

11. (no17) Let a letter, denoted by the |iɽ +h, NOT pronounced

as AN AFFIX or operative agent, but as something to be operated upon, AND

let in like manner A LETTER FOLLOWED BY AN INDICATORY =, be the name of

(and so imply) its homogeneous letters also.#

12. (no18) Let the CLOSEST PROXIMITY of letters be called CONTACT(xi).#

13. (no19) LET CONSONANTS UNSEPARATED by vowels be called A CONJUNCTION

of consonants.

14. (no20) LET THAT WHICH ENDS IN "SUP"(No. 137) OR IN "TIN"(No 408) be

called PADA (or inflected word, as distinguished frmo root, or that

which has undergone no such inflection).#

15. (no21) Instead OF a letter denoted by the |iɽ <E , let there

be one denoted by the |iɽ h , in each instance WHERE one

denoted by the |iɽ +U immediately follows.In the case, for

example, of the word v (meaning "the intelligent") followed by

the word #{ɺ( "to be worshipped").#

16. (no22) WHEN A TERM IS EXHIBITED IN THE SEVENTH CASE (No. 137) the

operation directed is to be understood as affecting the state OF

WHAT immediately PRECEDES that which the term denotes.#

17. (no23) When a common term is obtained as a substitute, let

THE LIKEST of its significates, to that IN THE PLACE of which it

comes, be the actual substitute. Of the four letters denoted

by h , , being palatal, is the likest to <. Thus we have

got v{ɺ, which furnishes an occasion for another rule

to come into operation.#

18. (no 24) Of ɮ, after +U, the reduplication is optional; BUT

NOT IF +U FOLLOW. In v{ɺ the v is ɮ ( this denoting all

the consonants except ), and it follows = ( +U), and it is not

followed by +U , being followed by . Therefore, if we make the

optional reduplication, we get vv{ɺ. This calls another rule

into operation. #

19. (no25) Instead OF the letters called Zɱ there shall

be Vɺ IF Zɺ FOLLOW. Thus, instead of the first v(Zɱ)

of vv{ɺ, since v, (Zɺ) follows it, there must be Vɺ ; that

is to say, V M n. Of these the likest(N0 23) is n.

So, we get nv{ɺª; and the process might here terminate, did

not another rule start an objection.#

20. (no26) Let there be ELISION of the final OF THAT {n (No. 20)

WHICH ENDS IN A COMPOUND CONSONANT. In vv{ɺ the {n q ends

with a compound consonant; and, according to the rule, the

whole {n ought to disappear. The rule, however, is limited by the

qualification that follows.#

21. (no27) Let the substitute take the place OF only The FINAL

LETTER of that which is denoted by a term exhibited in the genitive

or sixth case. An instance of elision ({ No.7) is regarded by

the sanskrit grammarians as the substitution of a blank. So a blank

is directed to be substituted for the , the final letter of the

word r, which is denoted (in No. 26) by a term, in the

genitive or sixth case, viz. " of the {n which ends in a

compound consonant".But here Eiɪx interferes, and remarks

as follows - The PROHIBITION of the rule (No.26) in the case

OF h SHOULD BE STATED.#

22. (no29) Instead of BU, when +U follows, let there be in due

order, + +.#

23. (no30) When a rule involves the case OF EQUAL NUMBERS of

substitutes and of things for which these are to be substituted, let

THEIR MUTUAL CORRESPONDENCE ( or the assignment of each to each)

be ACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF ENUMERATION.#

24. (no31) There shall be substituted WHAT ENDS IN (viz. the

substitute +) for the corresponding + and +, WHEN AN AFFIX (No.139)

beginning with the letter FOLLOWS.#

25. (no33) Let short + and Bx (that is to say B and + ) be called Mh.##

26. (no34) Let a vowel FOLLOWED BY THE LETTER i, and a vowel following

the letter i, be the name only OF THE LETTER WHICH HAS THE SAME

PROSODIAL LENGTH. (Nos. 9 and 17). The letter + is the representation

of eighteen varieties(No.17); but it is followed by i, as in the

preceding rule, it represents neither the long nor the prolated

modifications.#

27. (no35) When +U comes AFTER + , let Mh be the single substitute

for both.#

28. (no36) IN AN ={n , let A NASAL vowel be called "IT".#

29. (no37) +h substituted IN PLACE OF @#, which is the

representative of thirty varieties, is always FOLLOWED BY

the |iɽ . ##

30. (no38) In deference to the opinion OF E, let the ELISION

be optional of the letter and preceded by + and at end of a

{n followed by +.#

31. (no39) As FAR AS CONCERNS WHAT PRECEDES THEM, the three last

chapters of the Grammar of {hx are AS IF THE RULES CONTAINED

IN THESE THREE CHAPTERS HAD NEVER TAKEN EFFECT;and further, in

these three chapters, a subsequent rule is as if it had not taken

effect, so far as any preceding rule is concerned.#

32. (no40) Let LONG + (No.34), and +< and +=, be called @#r.##

33. (No41) WHEN BU FOLLOWS +, let @#r be the single substitution

for both.

33. (No41) This is a contradiction (+{ɴn), of the rule N0.35, which

directs Mh to be substituted in such a case. This rule takes

effect, to the limitation of No.35, because the latter has still

a sphere left for its operation; whereas if No.35, were always to

take effect, the operation of the present rule would always be

forestalled. Such a rule as the present is tantamount to an

exception to a more general rule. The sanskrit Grammar acknowledges

no irregularity, or exception to a rule - holding that a word

which differs from all others of its class is " < Vʮ", and

must have a rule of its own. (No.32). Thus we

have E@#h + BEiɨ = E@#hEiɨ "oneness

with E@#h ", MxM++P= MxMP "the torrent of the

Ganges", n++<ɪǨ=nɪǨ "the divinity of a God",

E@#h + +iEhlɨ = E@#hiEhlɨ "a longing

after E@#h".

34. (N042) This rule limits No.51, which had previously limited No.35.

Hence We have ={+Bi = ={i "he comes near", and ={+Bvi = ={vi "it

increases". In the example |ɺ`ɽ ( the accusative or second case

plural of |ɺ`ɽ "a young steer training for the plough") , the

element |ɺ` ɽ and ɺ are (by Nos. 137, 156, 185, 282, 281, 5.

and 283) brought to the form |ɺ` = , to which the present rule

applies, the result being |ɺ`. Why do we say (of the verbs Bi

and Bvi) "in those forms which begin with BU ?" Because other parts of

these verbs, not beginning with BU ,are not affected by this rule.

Example : ={ + <i = ={i "approached "-(No.35); ɴx |nvi = | +

<nvi , "Let not your honour promote".

(No43) "IT MAY BE ADDED that the substitution of @#r takes

place also (No.42) and not that of Mh, WHEN =ʽx FOLLOWS +E ".

Thus +E + =ʽx = +Cʽh "an army".

(No.44) . "And the substitution of @#r takes place also(No 42)

WHEN | IS FOLLOWED BY = =v =f =f Bຽ and B. Thus

| + = = |= "a good argument",| + =f = |=f "proud",

|+=f = |=f "audacity", |+ Bຽ = |躽. "sending",

|+ B = | "a servant".

(No.45) "AND IF SHORT @# FOLLOWS + IN A COMPOUND WORD the

first member of WHICH HAS the sense of the THIRD or instrumental

CASE." Example : J + @#i = Ji "affected by joy". (No.37

and 73) - why (do we say) "which has (the sense of ) the third (or

instrumental case)?" Because otherwise, as in the compound

{ɮ + @#i = {ɮi "last-gone", this rule does not apply.

(N0.46) " And WHEN ʮh ('a debt') FOLLOWS | iiɮ Eɱ ɺx ʮh

and n. Thus |h "principal debt ", iiɮh "debt of a steer",

Eɱh "debt of a

blanket", ɺxh 'debt of a cloth", @#xh "the debt of debt,

compound interest", nh "the river Dosaron or Dosarene"(No 1341).

35. (No47) Let |, &c.(No48) WHEN PREFIXED TO A VERB be termed ={ɺMǺ.

No48) By "PRA &C" we mean THE FOLLOWING particles- | "before " {ɮ "opposite"

+{ "off" ɨ "with" +x "after" + "down" xɺ or xɮ "out" n

or n "ill" ʴ "apart" +x "as far as" x "within" +v "over" +{

"verily" +i "beyond " "well" =i "up" +ʦ "opposite" |i "back again"

{ʮ "around" ={ "next to".

36. (No49) Let verbal roots "be" "blow" and THE LIKE be called vi.

37. (No50) WHEN A vi (No49) BEGINNING WITH @# FOLLOWS AN ={ɺM (No.47)

ending in + , let ##r be the single substitute for both. Thus

| + @#UUi = |UUi "he goes on rapidly".

38. (No51) WHEN a vi BEGINNING WITH Bx FOLLOWS an ={ɺM ending

in +, let the single substitute for both be THE FORM OF THE SUBSEQUENT

vowel. Thus | + BVi = |Vi "he trembles", ={ + +ຽi = #{ຽi

"he sprinkles".

39. (No52) Let the final portion of a word, BEGINNING WITH THE LAST OF

THE VOWELS in the word, be called i<.

39. (No53) "IT SHOULD BE STATED that THE FORM OF THE SUBSEQUENT vowel

takes the place of both IN Exv &c. Thus E + +xv = Exv " a sort

of potherb", EE + +xv = EExv "the jujube", "xMɱ +

< = xMʱɺ "the handle of a plough", i+ +hb = ihb

"the sun", xɺ + < = xɺ "intellect". This is a class of

compound words, the fact of a word's belonging to which is known

only from its form, a posteriori, and is not discoverable by any

consideration of its constituent parts a priori.

40. (No54) AND WHEN the mystic syllable + + the ={ɺM +x (No47)

follows + , let the single substitute be the form of the subsequent.

Example : ʶɴɪ+ + + xɨɽ = ʺɴɪRxɨɽ "adoration to ʶɴ",

ʶɴ+ + + <ʽ = ʶɴʽ "oh ʶɴ, come". (Nos 5, 55, and 35).

41. (No55) WHEN A HOMOGENEOUS VOWEL FOLLOWS +E , let the corresponding

LONG vowel be the substitute for both.

41. (No55) Example, ni + +ʮ = niʮ , "a foe of the demons", (a

name of ʴɺh), ʸ + < = ʸɶ, "the lord of ʸ",

ʴɺh + =n = ʴɺhn"the rise of ʴɺh",

"j +E = jE" the letter #ñ of the official

priest". (No.16)

42. (No56) AFTER Bx FINAL IN A {n (No.20) IF SHORT + come, let the

single substitute for both be the form of the precedent vowel.

42. (No56) Example : + + = ' "oh Hari ! -off;",

ʴɺh + + = ʴɺh', "Oh ʴɺh ! off -", A character

termed +rE, or "half the letter +", generally written in the

place of the letter thus elided, as we write an apostrophe in some

analogous cases.

43. (No57) EVERYWHERE, both in secular and scared writing, THE

ORIGINAL FORM OF the word GO ("a cow") , being a {n ending in Bx ,

may be optionally retained before +.

43. (No57) Example : M + +Oɨ = M +Oɨ or M 'Oɨ ,

" a multitude of cows". Why ending in Bx ?" Because the word M

at the end of the compound word UjM ("having a brindled cow,")

where, in the neuter, it ends in = (Nos. 269 and 275) , has not

the option of remaining unchanged. So UjM + +Oɨ = UjMOɨ

" a multitude of brindled cows", (No.21). Why "being a {n so ending ?"

Because, though it end in Bx , the rule does not apply unless the

word M be a {n (No.20), so that, in forming the abalative or fifth

case, (by Nos. 137, 155, 36, 124, and 111,) we

have M + + = M (by No.193).

44. (No58) Let a substitute CONSISTING OF MORE THAN ONE LETTER, or

CONTAINING AN INDICATORY PALATAL , take the place OF THE WHOLE

of the original expression.

45. (No59) AND let THAT WHICH HAS AN INDICATORY R , even though

it consists of more than one letter,take the place of the final

letter only of the original expression.

46. (No60) According to the opinion Of ]x , +x may be the

substitute of M at the end of a {n ending in BR if +U follows.

(No60) Thus we may have M + +Oɨ = MɴOɨ a multitude of

cows", (Nos, 59, 5, and 55) as well as M' Oɨ (No.57) Why "at

the end of a {n ?" Because M + R = Mʴ "in a cow" (Nos 137, 155, and 29).

47. (No61) AND IF the word <xp FOLLOW, let +x (No. 60) be the

substitute of M. Thus M + <xp = Mɴxp "lord of kine" (a

name E@#h)

48. (No62) AND IN CALLING to a person FROM A DISTANCE, the

substitution of the prolated modification (No 9) of the i (No. 52)

is optional.

49. (No63) Let PROLATED (No.9) AND EXCEPTED (No. 64) vowels, WHEN

+UFOLLOWS , INVARIABLY remain unaltered.

49. (No 63) Example +MUU E@#h +i@+ MUi (Come

E@#h ! the cow is feeding here").

50.(No64) Let A DUAL, case-affix (No.142) ENDING IN LONG < = or

Bbe O@ (No. 63).

50. (No64) Example : ʮ Bi "these two ʮ" ʴɺh < "these

two ʴɺhֺ " MxM + " these two rivers Ganges.

51. (No65) Let < and = coming AFTER the M of the +n (No. 386)

be |M@# (No.63).

(No65) Example : +ʨ <ɽ "those lords", E##hɴɨ +i "

and E##h,those two are present ."-why do we say after

the ?"Because in the example +E + +j = +E'j

'those here',the B, preceeded not by but by the E of +EU

(No1321), is not |M@#, which it would have been, by the

influence of N0.64,which includes B as well as < and =, and

from which the word "dual" is not supplied here, else this

rule would be useless.

52. (No66) Let U &c, NOT SIGNIFYING SUBSTANCES (p), be called x{iɺ.

53. (No67) And so let | &c,(Nos 48 and 66).

54. (No68) Let ANY x{i (N0.66) CONSISTING OF A SINGLE VOWEL WITH

THE EXCEPTION OF the x{i +R, be |M@# (No.64).

(No68) Example: < <xp "oh <xp !", = = "oh lord of ="

The x{i +, as an interjection either making no particular difference

in the sense of the sentence or else indicating reminiscence, has no

indicatory x, and therefore is not subject to the exception

enjoyed above. Example, + BRx xɺ "Now thou thinkest

so, not having always thought so "; + BRE ii "+ !-now

I recollect - it is just so", Elsewhere, that is to say when

it implies diminuation, that + has an indicatory x, and

is subject of the exception above enjoined.

Example, +x + #ֺhɨ = #ຼhɨ "a little warm". (Nos 5 and 35).

55. (No69) A x{i ending in # is |M@# (No.64).

No69) Example + <ɽ "Ho lords!".

56. (No70) In deference to the opinion OF E let # IN THE

VOCATIVE SINGULAR WHEN FOLLOWED BY the word <i, NOT IN THE VEDA, be

optionally |M@# (No.64). So we may have either ʴɺh <i

by this rule, or ʴɺhʴi by No.29, or ʴɺh<i by the further

operation rule No.38. " Oh ʴɺh !", thus &c."

57. (No71) Instead OF the affix =x (that is to say the indeclinable

affix =) AFTER the |iɽ MAY, if +U follows , there is

OPTIONALLY .

57. (No71) Example, E + = + =Eiɨ = EH "where

ther said", or E #H(No.68).

58.(No72) And, in deference to the opnion of E ,WHEN A

HETEROGENEOUS vowel FOLLOWS, let there be THE SHORT instead

of <E at the end of a {n .

58.(No72) As this injunction of shortening must not be an entirely

abortive rule, the vowels shall not undergo a further

change (as No.21 would otherwise cause them to do). Example,

UG + +j = UG +j "the discus-armed ʴɺh here".

On the alternative of not shortening the vowel, we have

UG + +j = UCj (by No.21). Why "at the end of a {n"?

In the example Mʮ + += = M "the two goddesses Mʮ ", there

is no option (No 21) the word ending in < not being a {n .

(From No.20 we learn what constitutes a {n, but how to ascertain

that a word is a {n, when the charecteristic there referred to, as

it sometimes happens, has no visible representative in the word

itself, we must be content to learn further on. In the meantime

we have to bear in mind whether any particular rule refers to a

{n only, or also to other forms of speech).

59. (No73) Of ɮ, that is to say, of all the consonants

except , AFTER the letters or FOLLOWING +U, REDUPLICATION

is optional. Hence we may write M說 or M "two godesses Mʮ".

(No74) The opnion of shortening (No72) does NOT hold IN A COMPOUND word.

Example, { + + = {ɺ "a horse that can walk on water",

where the application of No.21 is imperative.

60. (No75) +E (that is to say, + in addition to the other

vowels in No.72) final in a {n may optionally take the short

substitute as stated above(No74) WHEN short @ FOLLOWS.

No75) Example + @#κ = @#κ or к

"a divine saint". (Nos 35 and 37) . Why "final in a {n ? Because,

to the word +UUi "he was going", where the + is not

final in a {n (being an augment derived from No478) the option

of this rule does not extend; so we have + + @#UUi = +UUi

by No 218 .

61. (No76) In the room of AND i (that is to say, these five

dentals i l n v x , No17) when they come in contact WITH

U, (that is say, these five palatals S U V Z R ), these

are AND THE PALATALS ".

(No76) Example, ɺ + i = ɶi " sleeps",

ɺ + Uxi = ζUxi " collects",

n + Ui = UUi "pure reason", (No.90),

RMx + Vɪ = RMxVɪ , " Oh ʴɺh be thou

victorious".

62. (No77) This (No76) is not said of a dental which comes AFTER .

(No77) Example, in ʴɶ + x = ʴɶx "luster",

|ɶ + x = |ɶx "a question", no alteration takes place.

63. (No78) In the room of and i (No.76) when they come

IN CONTACT WITH AND ], (that is to say, the cerebrals

] ` b f #h ) , there are and ] , (that is to say,

there is a cerebral substitute) .

(No78) Example ɺ + ` = ɺ`

" sixth", ɺ + ]Ei = κ`Ei

" stands", {ຽ + i = {ຼ] "a grinder",

in + ]E = i]]E "a comment on that " (No. 90) ,

UGx + fE = UGhfE "Oh discus_armed!

thou goest".

64. (No79) AFTER ] (No.78) FINAL IN A PADA the change of a dental

to a cerebral, EXCEPT in the case of the affix xɨ, shall not take place.

64. (No79) Example : b + xiɽ = ]xiɽ

"six good",-(No.90), b + i = ]i "they six ", - why

"final in a {n ?" Compare <b + i = <]]

"he praises", where it is not so. Why only, "after ] ?"

Because the cerebral is not included. Example : {ɺ

+ iɨ = {ɺ] "most excellent clarified butter".

(No80) "IT SHOULD BE STATED that xɴi and xMʮ as well

as xɨ are NOT prevented by No.79 from undergoing the cerebral

change. Example b + xɨ = hhɨ "of six",

b + xɴi = hhɴi "ninety six",

b + xMɪǽ = hhMɪǽ "six cities whose names

are feminine.

65. (N081) In the room of i (No.76) there is not a cerebral substitute

when FOLLOWS .

(No81) Example , x + ] = x`

"being sixth"..

66. (No82) In the room of Zɱ , (that is to say, of any consonant

except a semi-vowel or a nasal ), let there be Vɶ, (that is to say,

a soft unaspirated consonant) AT THE END of a {n .

66. (No82) Example : E + < = Mɶ

"the god of speech", a name of ##{i .

67. (No83) In the room of ɮ final in a {n , WHEN A NASAL

FOLLOWS, there may be OPTIONALLY A NASAL .

(No83) Example : Bin + ֮ʮ = Bin֮ʮ "that ʴɺh ".

(No84) WHEN it is A |iɪ (No 139) that FOLLOWS IN SECULAR

LANGUAGE, the preceding rule (No.83) is ABSOLUTE".

Example " ii + jɨ = ixjɨ "

merely that ", " a primary element", Ui + ɪɨ = Uxɪɨ "

formed of intellect".

68. (No85) In the room of i (No76) WHEN the letter FOLLOWS, one

homogeneous with the latter is substituted.

68. (No85) Example ii + ɪ = iɱɪ "its destruction". The

substituted for x is a nasal (No.17) . This is sometimes

indicated by writing over it the mark Uxp- ʴxn as in

ʴux + ʱCi = ʴuαCi "the learned man writes".

69. (No86) AFTER =n , in the room OF the words l AND iɨ, the substitute is a letter belonging to the class OF THE PRIOR.

69. (No86) Thus, suppose we have to put together =n + ixɨ :- the aphorism, without the gloss, exhibits to us the word =n in the abalative or fifth case. We must ascertain from another rule what is the special import of the fifth case here, as we did with respect to the locative or seventh case in No.21 . The maxim of interpretation ( {ʮɺ ) here follows.

70. (No 87) An operation caused BY the exhibition of a term in THE abalative or

FIFTH CASE, shall be understood to enjoin the substitution of something in the room OF THAT WHICH immediately FOLLOWS the word denoted by the term.

70. (No87) Therefore the substitution of the letter n enjoined by No.86 is to be in the room of the words i and iɨ . This again is qualified(as No.26 by No.27) by the following maxim.

71. (No88) That which is enjoined to come in the room OF WHAT FOLLOWS is to be understood as coming in the room only OF THE FIRST letter thereof.

71. (No88) Therefore, in the example =n + lxɨ (No.86) a dental letter is to be substituted for the ; and the dental which , like , has the characters of ʴɴɮ and ɽ|h ( No.16), that is to say which is both hard and aspirated -viz. i is the proper letter of the set. (No.23). Thus we have =n + llxɨ , which comes within the scope of the next rule.

72. (No89) There is optionally elision OF Zɮ, preceded by a consonant, WHRN A HOMOGENEOUS Zɮ FOLLOWS. Thus we may have =n + lxɨ as well as =n + llxɨ , to each of which the following rule applies.

73. (No90) AND WHEN Jɮ FOLLOWS, let there be U in the room of Zɱ. Therefore, in the exapmle in No.89, the soft n is changed to the hard i , and we have =ilxɨ or =illxɨ "uprising"; and so (No86) by the same process, =kɨxɨ "upholding".

74.(No91) In the room of the letter , AFTER Zɪ, there is OPTIONALLY a letter homogeneous with

the prior. The fourth letter of each class (that is to say, the soft aspirate) is the suitable substitute for (No.16). Thus M + ʮ may be written MPʮ "eloquent"-a lion in discourse."

75. (No92) In the room OF the palatal preceded by Zɪ, there is optionally the letter U WHEN AT FOLLOWS.

75. (No92) Example : in + ʶɴ, by thsi rule, optionally becomes in + U, and then, by Nos.76 and 90, iUU ; on the other alternative (by Nos.76 and 90), it becomes iUɴ "that ʶɴ ".

(No93) IT SHOULD BE STATED that the foregoing rule applies not merely when +] follows but WHEN + (a more comprehensive |iɽ ) FOLLOWS. Thus we have in + Ex = iUUEx "by that couplet", where the is followed by .

76. (No94) In the room of the letter final in a {n (or,as the gloss, trusting to No.27, words it, "in the place of a {n which ends in "), there is +xֺɮ , when a consonant follows.

76.(No94) Example : ʮ + xn = ʮxɴxn "I salute ʴɺh ".

77. (No95) AND also in the room OF the letter x and NOT FINAL IN A PADA, WHEN Zɱ FOLLOWS there is +xֺɮ .

77. (No95) Example: ɶx + ʺ = ɶR "glories"; +G + i = +GRi , "he will subdue".

78. (No96) In the room of +xֺɮ, WHEN ɪ FOLLOWS, a letter HOMOGENEOUS WITH THE LATTER is substituted.

78. (No96) Example : R + i = xi "quite".

79. (No97) In the room OF +xֺɮ FINAL IN A PADA, the substitution (enjoinedby No96) is OPTIONAL.

79. (No97) Example : iREκ or iR Eκ "thou doest".

80. (No98) Let the letter itself be in the room OF the of the particle ɨ (No.48) WHEN the word V FOLLOWS, ENDING In the technical affix C<{ (No.885).

80. (No98) Example : ɨ + ] = ɩ] "a great king" .

81. (No99) WHEN the letter FOLLOWS. being itself FOLLOWED BY , the substitute for a preceding is optionally itself.

81. (No99) Example : Eɪi or, by No.94, ER ɪi "what does he cause to shake?"

81. (No100) "WHEN the letter follows, being itself FOLLOWED BY the letters , , or , the substitute for a preceding is optionally , , or "(No30). Example, E or , by No.94, ER "what does it matter about yesterday?" E򴼴ɱɪi or ERɱɪi "what does he cause to shake ?" E򱼱ni or ER ni "what gladdens?".

82. (No101) WHEN the letter follows, being itself followed by the letter x, the substitute for a preceding , is optionally x.

82. (No101) Example Exxi , or, substituting +xֺɮ , (No.94) ER xi "what withholds?" .

83. (No102) v] is optionally the augment ( +Mɨ ) of the dentalis WHEN IT FOLLOWS the cerebral b as in the example ] xiɽ "being six" . A question here arises as to where the augment is to be placed, with reference to which we find the following direction.

84.(No103) Of whatsoever the augments enunciated are distinguished by an INDICATORY ] OR E, they PRECEDE OR FOLLOW it accordingly. The augment of , enunciated in No.102, is distinguished by an indicatory ] (No.5); the augment is therefore to precede the . The ] is elided by NOs.5 and 7, and the vowel by Nos.36 and 7, and, the v being changed to i by No.90, we get ]ixiɽ , or, without the augment (No.102), ]xiɽ "being six".

85. (No 104) OF R AND h respectively, WHEN ɮ FOLLOWS, there are optionally the augments EE and ]E. The indicatory E shows that the augment follows the letter (No.103). Example, |R ` or |RC` "sixth anterior", Mh ` or Mh]` "sixth numerator".

86. (No105) AND of the dentals , AFTER WHAT ENDS IN x , the augment n] (No.102) is optional.

86. (No105) Example, x iɽ or x ɽ "he being".

87. (No106) Of x final in a {n there is optionally the augment iE, WHEN the palatals FOLLOWS .

87. (No106) Example x + i ɨ = xUU (Nos.92 and 76), which, by the optional elision of the U (No.89) may become RU ("the good ɨ , or ʶɴ "). RUɨ (No.92). Without the augment, we have Rɨɦ by No.76.

88. (No107) WHEN A VOWEL comes AFTER a {n ending in R preceded by a short vowel, the augment R] shall INVARIABLY be applied. The name of this augment is derived from the |iɽ R , so that (by No.30) it is understood to imply the reduplication of the nasal.

88. (No107) Example, |iR + +i = |iRxi "soul evidently existent", Mh + < = Mhhɶ "the lord of an excellent class", x + +Ui = zUi "existing ʴɺh ".

89. (No108) In place OF the particle ɨ, WHEN ] FOLLOWS, there is .

89. (No108) For exapmle, having got ɨ + ] = Ek , this rule, after the indicatory letters(by Nos, 36 and 7) have been elided, gives ɮ + = Ek.

90. (No109) BUT HERE, in the division of the grammar where is the subject of discussion, THE NASAL FORM is OPTIONALLY the substitute OF WHAT PRECEDES .

90. (No109) Thus, in the example under rule No.108, the + of ɮ is optionally nasal, and this may be indicated by the mark Uxpʴxn (No.85).

91. (No110) AFTER what precedes , if we omit to substitute THE NASAL (of which the option is afforded by No.109) +xֺɮ shall be the augment.

91.(No110) Thus in the example under No.108 , if we do not substitute the nasal by No.109, we must write +xֺɮ as an augment.

92. (No111) Instead of the letter final in a {n, there is ʴɺM, WHEN Jɮ FOLLOWS OR when there is A PAUSE(No.144).

92. (No111) So the in the example under No.108 is changed to silent ; thus x + + Ek.

92. (No112) "Instead of ɨ (No.108) and also of the words {֨ and Ex, the substitution of (for ʴɺM by No.122) SHOULD BE STATED to be invariable (to the exclusion of the optional retainment of ʴɺM suggested by No.123)". Thus the exapmle under No108 becomes xEk ("one who completes"), the x representing either the sign of nasality (No.109) or +xֺɮ (No.110).

93. (No113) Instead OF the word {֨, WHEN Jɪ FOLLOWED BY + FOLLOWS it, there is .

93. (No113) Example, {֨ + EE = {xEE "a male cuckoo", where the x represents either the sign of nasality (No.109) or +xֺɮ (No.110). See also Nos.111 and 112.

94. (No114) Instead OF x final in a {n , EXCEPTING the x in the word |ɶx, WHEN U FOLLOWS, followed by + , there shall be .

94. (No114) For example, UGx + jɪɺ here x is final in a {n , and U ( i ) follows, followed by + ( ); hence the x becomes , which by No111, becomes ʴɺM before a hard consonant, the preceding vowel being either nasal, according to nO.109, or followed by +xֺɮ, according to No110.

95. (No115) Instead OF ʴɺM, let there be the letter , when Jɮ (a hard consonant) follows. By this rule, in addition to No.114. UGx + jɪɺ = becomes UGxjɪɺ "Oh discus armed ! preserve", where the x represents either the nasal (No.109) or +xֺɮ (No.110). Why did we say, in No.114, "excepting the x in the word |ɶx ?" Because that rule

does not apply to such an instance as |ɶx ixi "the quite man spreads". And why "final in a {n ?" Because it does not apply to such a case x + i = xi "he kills", where x is not a {n .

96. (No116) Instead OF the x of the word x@#x, WHEN the letter { FOLLOWS, there is optionally .

97. (No117) AND also WHEN A consonant of the GUTTURAL class OR of the LABIAL class FOLLOWS, there are, instead of ʴɺM , optionally Vɼɨʱɪ AND ={vxɪ (No.15). The optionality of ʴɺM is implied in the word "and", (No111). Thus the words x@#x {ʽ ("preserve thou men") may be written (as exhibited above) in five ways, either simply, or with the nasal substitute (No.109) and ={vxɪ (No117) or with the nasal and ʴɺM (Nos109 and 111), or with the substitution of +xֺɮ (No.110) followed by either ={vxɪ or ʴɺM.

98. (No118) OF THAT which is twice uttered, let THE LATTER be called A REDUPLICATION ( +ʮbi ).

99. (No119) Instead OF the x of the word Ex , let there be , WHEN A REDUPLICATION FOLLOWS.

99. (No119) Example, Ex + Ex = ExEx "which of them?", where the x of the first syllable is either the nasal (No.109) or +xֺɮ (No.110). For the , see Nos.111 and 112.

100. (No120) AND WHEN the letter U FOLLOWS, the augment of a short vowel is iE. (No.103).

100. (No120) Example, ʶɴ + U = ʶɴUU+ "the shadow of ʶɴ " - (No.76).

101. (No121) When U comes AFTER a long vowel FINAL IN A {n, the augment iE is OPTIONAL.

101. (No121) Exapmle, C + U = EκUU or EκUU , "the shadow of C ". (No.76).

102. (No122) Instead of ʴɺM, there is , when a hard consonant follows.

102. (No122) Example, ʴɺhֽ + ji = ʴɺhֺji " ʴɺh the preserver".

103. (No123) WHEN ɮ (a sibiliant) FOLLOWS, ʴɺM may OPTIONALLY be instead of ʴɺM or, in ohter words, it may remain unchanged.

103. (No123) Exapmle, ʮ i or ʮi "ʮ sleeps". (No.76).

104. (No124) Instead OF , final in a {n , AND OF the word Vֺ , let there be .

105. (No125) Instead OF , coming AFTER AN UNPROLATED AT (short + ), let there be =, WHEN AN UNPROLATED +i also FOLLOWS.

105. (No125) Example, ʶɴɮ + +Uǽ = ʶɴ + = + +Uǽ = ʶɴ'Uǽ " ʶɴ to be worshipped". (Nos 35 and 56).

106. (No126) AND WHEN (a soft consonant) FOLLOWS, shall be changed to = , when it is preceded by short + .

106. (No126) Example, ʶɴɮ + xt = ʶɴ xt, " ʶɴ to be worshipped".

107. (No127) Instead OF , PRECEDED BY M +M +, is substituted, WHEN + FOLLOWS.

107. (No127) Example, nɮ + < = nʪɽ , or (by No.38) n < "the deities here",- M and +P are interjections ending in . When has been substituted for their (derived from No124). it may chance to come under the operation of the rule here following.

108. (No128) Let there be elision of the OF ALL these, viz. the words in which it is preceded by M +P + (No.127), when a consonant follows.

108. (No128) Example, nɽ "Oh deities!", M xɨɺi "Oh! adoration to thee!", +P

ʽ "oh! come".

109. (No129) is the substitute of the word +x, but NOT WHEN A CASE-AFFIX (No.137) FOLLOWS.

109. (No129) Example, +x + + = + (No.211) "day by day", +x + Mh = +Mh "a class of days".

110. (No130) There is elision of , WHEN FOLLOWS.

111. (No131) WHEN f OR , CAUSING AN ELISION, FOLLOWS, instead OF a PRECEDING +h, there shall be ITS LONG vowel.

111. (No131) Example, {xɮ + i = {x i "he again sports"(No.130), ʮ + ɽ = ʮ ɽ " ʴɺh is beautiful", ɨ֮ + Vi = ɨ Vi " ʶɴ is resplendent". Why "of +h ?" Because the rule does not include any other vowel. Example, i@#f + f = i@#f "destroyed", @#f i + f@#f "raised". In the case of xɺ + l , the change of to (No124) having taken place, giving xɮ + l , two conflicting rules present themselves - the one (No.126) directing that the shall be changed to = , the other(No130) that the shall be elided. The doubt, which rule shall take effect in such a case, has given occasion for the maxim here following.

112. (No132) WHEN RULES of equla force PROHIBIT EACH OTHER, LET THE LAST (in the order of the +]vʪ ) TAKE EFFECT.

112. (No132) According to this maxim, in the example xɮ + l (under No.131), the elision of the ought to take place, by rule No.130 which occurs in the eight Lecture. But here the maxim (No.39) interferes, which enjoins that a rule occuring in any of the three last chapters of the grammar shall be either as if it did not exist, or as if it had never come into operation, so far as concerns any rule that occurs earlier; and therefored No.126, as if No130 did not exist, proceeds to substitute = , and thus we have x + = + l = xl "a wish". (No.35).

113. (No133) There is ELISION OF the (The case-affix of the nominatine singular, No.137) OF the pronouns Bin AND in, provided they are WITHOUT the augment E (No.1321), WHEN A CONSONANT FOLLOWS: BUT NOT if they are IN A COMPOUND WITH the privative particle xx ( + ).

113. (No133) Example, #ຽ + ʴɺhֽ = Bຽ ʴɺhֽ "that ʴɺh " (Nos.338 and 169), ɺ + ɨֽ = ɨֽ "that ʶɴ " (No.338) -why "without the augment E ?" Witness BຽE p "that ʶɴ "Why "not if they are in a compound with the private particle xx ( + ) ?" Witness +ɺ + ʶɴɽ = +ζɴɽ "not that ʶɴ ". (No.76) Why "when a consonant follows?" Witness Bຽ + +j = Bຽ'j "he here". (Nos 124 and 125).

114. (No134) Let there be elision OF the of ɺ, even WHEN A VOWEL FOLLOWS (No.133), IF by the elision alone the verse can be completed.

114. (No134) Example, ( + <ɨ =) ɨ +ʴbf |ɦ@#iɨ "do not separate this collection ", 躽 nɮl ɽ "the , the son of nɮl`.

115. (No135) Let any significant form of word, NOT BEING A VERBAl ROOT (No.49) AN AFFIX (No.139), OR WHAT ENDS WITH AN AFFIX, be called A CRUDE FORM of word( |i{nE ).

116. (No136) AND let forms of words ending in the affixes called E@#i (No.329) and inni (Nos.975 and 1067) AND COMPOUNDS ( ɨɺ No.961) also be called crude forms (No.135).

117. (No137) [In this aphorism the case-affixes are enunciated. The cases, exclusive of the Vocative which is held to be a peculiar aspect of the nominative, are seven - 1st Nominative, 2nd Accusative, 3rd Instrumental, 4th Dative, 5th Abalative, 6th Genetive, 7th Locative.]

117. (No137) The case-affixes, with their significations, are as follows :-

Singular. Dual. Plural.

1st # Vɺ ---

2nd + #] ɺ ---

3rd ] ɨ ʦɺ " by ".

4th R ɨ ɺ " to ".

5th xʺ ɨ ɺ " from ".

6th xɺ + + "of ".

7th x + { " in ".

[After the elision of the indicatory letters, these affixes appear as follows:-

1st # +

2nd + # +

3rd + ɨ ʦɺ

4th # ɨ ɺ

5th + ɨ ɺ

6th + + +

7th < +

The reader who enters upon the study of the P En without any previous acquaintance with Sanskrit, will find the recollection of the rules more easy, and his apprehension of their import more distinct, if he make himself familair with the most usual signs of the 7th, 6th, and 5th cases, for information respecting which he was referred(at Nos.22, 27, and 87), to the present section. When the uninflected word ends in a consonant; the affix is generally attached unaltered. Thus the 7th case singular of the word +U, in No.21, is +U ; the 7th dual of +x , in No.54, is +x ; and the 7th plural of #ivi` , in No42, is #ivi` . So again, the 6th case singular of <E ,in No.21, is <E , which, by Nos.124 and 126, become <E before a soft consonant; the 6th dual of Vֺ , in No.124, is Vֺ ,which, by Nos.124 and 130, becomes Vֺ when followed by ; and the 6th plural of Zɱ , in No.25, is Zɱɨ , which, by No.94, becomes ZɱR . so again, the 5th case singular of #x in No.56, is #xɺ , which, by Nos.124 and 111, becomes #xɽ ;the 5th dual of a term ending in a vowel occurs in nO.73, viz. ɨ , by No.94, changes its final to R .

When the uninflected term ends in a vowel, the case-affixes are liable to several variations. Among the most noticeable modifications are the following, which take the place of the final + :-

Singular. Dual. Plural.

5th +i +ɨ ---

6th + --- +xɨ

7th B --- Bຽ

Examples of these terminations occur in No.35, where +i becomes +n (by No.82); in No.73- ɨ ; in No.26- RMxiɺ ;in No.30- ɨxɨ ;in No.31- |iɪ ;- and in No.44 - =ffຽຽ ].

118. (No138) AFTER what ends with the feminine terminations x (No.256 &c) or +{ (No1341&c.) OR

after A CRUDE FORM (No.135 &c.).

118. (No138) [This aphorism is one of those which are said to exercise an authority ( +vE ) over other aphorism , inas much as they consist of terms which other aphorisms, in order to complete their sense, are under the necessity of borrowing. (No.5) Some aphorisms, such as the present, consist solole of words which, taken by themselves, convey neither a definition nor a direction, and which are enunciated sololy for the purposr of avoiding the necessity of repeating the same words in a number of succeeding aphorisms. Such aphorisms are said to be EɱvE i, or " intended simply to regulate the sense of others". On the other hand, in NO.21, only a portion of the aphorism, viz., the word +U , exercises +vE , which it does over the sense of NO.55 &c.]

119. (No139) AN AFFIX. [This, like No.138, is an aphorism intended solely to regulate the sense of others.]

120. (No140) AND SUBSEQUENT. [This, like Nos.138 and 139, is an aphorism intended solely to regulate the sense of others. The sense of the three aphorisms combined is as follows:-]

120. (No140) Let the affixes i&c. (No.137) come after, or be attached to words ending in x or +{ (that is to say, words with feminine terminations), and after crude forms(No.135).

121. (No141) OF { (which is a |iɽ formed of the first of the case-affixes, and the final { of the last of them), let the three expressions in each successive set of three be severally termed "the expression for one" (singular), "the expression for two" (dual), and "the expression for many" (plural).

122. (No142). The DUAL AND the SINGULAR case-affixes are to be employed severally IN the sense of DUALITY AND UNITY.

123. (No143) In expressing MULTEITY, let A PLURAl case-affix be employed.

124. (No144). Let CESSATION,or the absence of succeeding letters, be called a PAUSE ( +̲̍ ).

124. (No144) We now proceed to decline the word (the name of an incarnation of ʴɺh ) Attaching the case-affix of the 1st case singular, after removing the indicatory vowel (No.36), we get ɺ : then the becomes by No.124, and finally ʴɺM by No111, giving Mɨɽ.

125. (No145) IN ANY INDIVIDUAL CASE ( ɦH ) there is but ONE RETAINED OF THE WORDS, ALWAYS SIMILAR IN FORM.

125. (No145) [That is to say, the dual, which means "two ɺ ", implies and ;" and the plural, which means "more ɺ than two",implies atleast " ,and ,and ;" and of these words, similar in sense as well as in form, we are to retain but one, when adding the affixes of the dual and plural. It would be otherwise had we to attach a dual affix to an aggregate signifying the two opponents " and h ", or the two which, in some of their inflections, differ in sound as well as in sense, i@# "a mother", and i@# "a measure". But when the words never differ in form, though they do so in sense, this rule may apply. Thus ʻ signifies "beauty" and also "wealth" and "beauty and wealth" may be implied in the dual ʻɪx ]. In the 1st case dual, then, we have + # , which might appear to furnish occasion for the operation of the rule here following to the exclusion of No.41, which gives way in accordance with No.132.

126. (No146) When +U OF THE FIRST OR SECOND CASE follows +E , let THE LONG VOWEL HOMOGENEOUS WITH THE ANTECEDENT be the substitute singly for both. BY this rule + # would become , but the rule here following interposes.

127. (No147) WHEN <U FOLLOWS + , the substitution of the long vowel homogeneous with the antecedent(No146) shall NOT take place. Then, by No.41, thus freed from the obstruction of

No.146, we have + # = "two ɺ ".

128. (No148) PALATAL ( U ) OR CEREBRAL( ] ) LETTERS initial in an affix are to be elided. Therefore, in the affix of the 1st case plural, the V of Vɺ is to be elided, leaving +

129. (N0.149) AND { (the case-affixes-No.137) and ix (the verbal affixes enunciated in No407) are called ʴɦH.

130. (No150) i(the dentals i l n v x ) and and , standing IN A ʴɦEi (No.149) are NOT to be elided. Therefore the final in Vɺ is not to be elided, notwithstanding Nos.5 and 7; & ɺ , by Nos,124 and 111, become ɽ " ɺ "-more than two.

131. (No151) In the sense of the vocative, let the SINGULAR of the first case be called ɨr.

132. (No152) AFTER WHATSOEVER there is AN AFFIX ( |iɪ ) ENJOINED, let WHAT BEGINS THEREWITH, in the form in which it appears WHEN THE AFFIX FOLLOWS it, be called AN INFLECTIVE BASE ( +xM ).

132. (no152) For example, in the first case singular it is enjoined that the affix (No.137) shall follow the crude form of a noun -for instance . Then this word , if it remain unchanged when the affix follows it, is called +xM .

133. (No153) AFTER an inflective base(No.152) ending in Bx OR IN A SHORT VOWEL, a consonant is elided if it be that OF ɨr (No.151).

133. (No153) Hence the is elided in "oh !". In the dual and plural the vocative is the same as the 1st case; so he "oh two ɺ !" ɽ "Oh ɺ !" We now come to the 2nd case, and we find + + , where we might expect No55 to take effect. But this is prevented by the rule here following.

134. (No154) WHEN the vowel of + (the affix of the 2nd case singular) FOLLOWS +E , the form of the PRIOR is the single substitute for both. Hence + + = ɨ " ", + # = "two ɺ " (No141). In the 2nd case plural we find + ɺ and the rule here following.

135. (No155) The letters , , AND E (that is to say, E J M P R iri +

ɺ x

|iɽ +] E { +x + x֨ ( +xֺɮ ) x {n x x

h x {n x ɺ ]

<x +i ] xʺ xɺ + <x h h ɨ

x + ɦɨ ɺ ʦɺ

139. (159) Let INA at AND SYA be substituted in the room of a (third singular) nsi (5th sing) AND nas (6th singular) after what ends in short a. Thus we have rma + ina , which after the cerebral has been substituted by No. 157, becomes rma "by rma" (No. 35) In the 3rd case dual we first find ̘ + ̘ , which calls into operation the rule following.

140. (160) AND WHEN A CASE-AFFIX beginning with ̍ follows, the long vowel shall be substituted for the final of an inflective base(no 132). ending in short a. Hence ̘̗̘ by two ̘-s."

In the 3rd plural we find ̘ + ̲͗ , and there also a substitution is enjoined.

141. (161) After what ends in SHORT A, let there be AIS in the room of BHIS. From no 44. we learn that this substitute takes place not of the first letter merely (No 71), but of the whole term (bhis). By Nos 104 and 92 we thus get ̘ by the ̘-s . In the 4 th singular, we find ̘ + , and again a substitution is enjoined.

142. (162)- Let YA be the substitute of after an infective base ending in short a. Thus we have ̘ + , an instance which the rule next cited takes cognizance of.

143. (163)- A SUBSTITUTE IS LIKE ( or succeeds to all the titles and liabilities of) THAT WHOSE PLACE IT SUPPLIES-BUT NOT IN the case of a RULE the occasion for the operation OF which is furnished by the LETTER of the original term.

According to this maxim, the ya substituted for ,by No.142, is, like it, entitled a case-affix (sup - No. 117); but it id not held to consist of the same letters as ; hence as it begins with the letter y( of the t̷̜ s), it furnishes occasion for the operation of No. 140, by which the short a of the inflective base is lengthened. Thus we have ̘̙ to ̘ . The 4th dual ̘̗̘ "to two ̘-s" is formed like the 3rd.

In the 4th plural we have first ̘ + ̲ , which calls into operation the rule next following (and not No. 140)

144. (164) WHEN A PLURAL case affix beginning with JHAL FOLLOWS, E is substitute for the final short a of an inflective base.

Thus we have ̘◙: to the ̘-s .Why do we say "case-affix ?" Because the rule does not extend to the verbal affixes. Ex Z + ̘ "do ye cook". In the 5th sing. we have first ̘ + Ͳ , and +t is substitued for Ͳ by No. 139 and we get ̘t (No. 41), a form to which the rule next cited has reference.

145. (165) WHEN A PAUSE (No. 124) ENSUES, char may OPTIONALLY be substituted for jhal. So we may write ̘t or (by No. 66) z "from ̘.

The dual and plural of the 5th case are like those of the 4th :- ̘̗: "from the ̘-s

In the 6th sing. we have first ̘ + ̲ ; and , on making the substitution enjoined by no. 139, we get ̘̲ of ̘. In the dual we have first ̘ +os , which brings into operation the rule next following.

146. (166) AND WHEN OS FOLLOWS, then e is substituted for the final short a of an inflective base. Thus we have + os =̘̙: of two ̘-s (No. 22) In the 6th plural we have first ̘++̘, which calls into operation the rule next following.

147. (167) h shall be augment OF WHAT comes AFTER an inflective base ending in A SHORT vowel, OR in z (No. 194) or in +̏ (No. *). From No. 84 we learn that this argument is to be prefixed. We thus get ̘ + s̘ ,to which the rule following has reference.

148. WHEN ̘ FOLLOWS, the long vowel shall be substituted for the final of an inflective base which ends in a vowel. Thus we get ̘s̘ of the ̘-s (No. 137) In the 7th sing. we have ̘ + s, which, by No. 136 and 27 becomes ̘ in ̘. The dual is like the 6th -̘̙: in two ̘-s

In the 7th plural we have ̘ + , and this calls into operation the rule following.

149. The cerebral substitute shall take the place of the dental s, when the s is part OF A SUBSTITUTE OR OF AN AFFIX following in or ku, and is not the final letter of the pada- Of the cerebrals, <ʭ͈t̲ (No. 11) most resembles the s, ansd is therefore the proper substitute. Thus we get ̘ in the ̘s In the same way are declined Fs and other words ending in short a.

150. SARVA and C are called PRONOMINALS(̥ʍ̘). This class of words consists of the following:- sarva "all" ̫ͥ "all" = "both" nt̜ nt̘(affixes employed in the formation of such words as Ft̜ "which of two" Ft̘ "which of many?" ) + "other" +t̜ "either" <t̜ "other" "half" ̘ "all" Ͳ̘ "whole" . The seven following are pronomials when they imply a relation in time or place, not when they are names- viz ܥ prior, east", para "after" avara "posterior, west", zKs "south, right," =u̜ "inferior, other, north," apara "other," +̜ "inferior, west;"-so also swa when it signifies "own" not when it signifies "outer" or "an under garment;" tyad or tad "he, she, it, that' yad "who, which, what," etad "this" idam "this, adas "this, that" eka "one" dwi "two" yushmad "thou" asmad "I' bhavatu "your honour, your excellency," kim "who ? what ?"-

151. After a pronomial ending in short a, let ͨ be the substitute OF JAS(1st case plur). As the substitute consists of more letters than one, it takes the place of the whole(No. 44) Ex. ̥+< = ̥("all "-136 and 27).

152. AFTER A PRONOMIAL ending in short a, t AND SMIN are the substitutes OF

sͲ

(5th and s(7th sing) Example, ̥ʲt from all. (No. 140).

154. h is the argument of +̘ (6rh plur.), WHEN +̘ COMES AFTER A PRONOMIAL ending in a or + .Example (Nos. 144 and 149) ̥̘ "of all" In the 7th sing. (No.153) ̥Ѳ̍ "in all" . The rest of the declension is like that of ̘. In the same way are declined ̲ͥ and the other pronomials(No. 150) ending in short a. The word = "both" takes invariably the dual affixes. Ex. =̙ "both" =̙̘ "by , to or from both" =̙: "of or in both" The object of its being inserted in the list of pronominals (whilst its declension does not differ from that of ̘) is its taking the argument akach. The terms nt̜ and nt̘ are affixes. "By citing the affix we cite that which ends therewith:" (says tg͡ ) so the words that end with pronominal when it signifies "half" . That ̘, which is a pronominal when synonymous with sarva "all" is not so when synanymous with tulya "like" we learn from the expression ̘̘̍ of equals" in No.23(which would have been ̘̘ if the word, in that sense, ahd been a pronominal.)

155. The name of pronominal (No. 150) belongs to ܥ prior PARA "after" AVARA "posterior" , zKs "south", =u̜ 'inferior, other, north," APARA "other" AND ADHARA "inferior" WHEN THEY DISCRIMINATE RELATIVE POSITION, NOT when they are NAMES.

The designation of pronomial assigned to these in every case by the aphorism No 150, which implies the list of words enumerated in the commentary thereon, is optional when jas (1st plural)follows - Ex ܥ(by No.151) or ܥ: (No.131).- why do we say "not when they are names ?" witness =u̜: (not =u̜) when the word is used as a name for the Kurus". That there is a "specification" (niyama) or tacit implication, of a determinate point(avadhi), with reference to which some thing is to be described by the word itself" is what we mean when we say that "a relation in time or place(+̲y) is implied . Why do we say, "when a relation in time or place is implied?" Witness zKs: (not zKs) OyF: meaning "clever singers"

156. The designation, as a pronominal, of the word SWA (No. 150) WHEN IT SIGNIFIES SOMETHING ELSE THAN A KINSMAN OR PROPERTY, optionally obtains when jas (1st plural) follows. Thus we have either swe(no. 151) or : (No 131) in the sense of "own" or "selves" but : alone, in the sense of "kinsmen" or "articles of property."

157. The designation, as a pronominal, of the word antara (No. 150) WHEN IT SIGNIFIES "OUTER" OR " A LOWER GARMENT," optionally obtains when jas (1st plural) follows. Thus we may write antare or +t̜: , when speaking of houses "external" (for instance to the walls of the city); and so also when speaking of the petticoats worn under the upper garment.

158. AFTER THE NINE BEGINNING WITH ܥ, (that is to say, after ܥ,̜, +̜, zKs, =u̜, +̜, +̜, , and +t̜) the substitution of t and Ѳ̍ for sͲ and s (No. 173) is

optional. Thus we may write either ܥʲt or ܥt ,ܥѲ̍ or ܥ: and so of para & c. In other respects the declension of these words is the same as that of sarva.

159. The words PRATHAMA "first" CHARAMA "last" TAYA ( which is an affix, respecting which see the maxim cited under No. 154), ALPA "few," ARDHA "half" KATIPAYA "some" and NEMA "half" shall be optionally termed pronominal (No. 150) when jas (1st plu.) follows. Thus we may write y̘ or y̘:. Of the affix taya we have and example in dwitaye or ͈t̙: "second". The rest of the declension is like ̘. The word nema is enumerated among the pronominals in No. 150- therefore, though by this rule the nominative plural may be like ̘, the rest of the declension is like sarva.

160. Instead of `̜ there is OPTIONALLY JARAS, when a vibhakthi (No 150) beginnning with a vowel follows. Where a rule refers to a pada or an +W (No.133), the rule if it apply to a particular word, applies also to what ends with the word. Hence this rule, which applies to the word `̜ , applies also to nirjara, just as, in English, the substitution, in the plural, of "gees", for "goose", applies also to the case of wildgeese" But here a question might arise, suggested by No. 44, as to whether the substitute should not take the place of the whole word- so that the plural of "wildgoose" should become "geese" simply. To guard against this, it is declared that 'Substitutes take the place of that only which is exhibited (when the substitute is enjoined)" - Thus, in nirjara, the substitute takes the place of the jara only, for `̜ only was exhibited whenthe substitute jaras was enjoined. Here another objection may be raised, for jaras was enjoined to take the place of `̜ , with a long final, not jara, the final of which is short. This objection is met by the maxim that "What is partially altered does not thereby become something quite different," (and this is illustrated in the ̷̗̭ by the case of a dog, which, having lost his ears, does not thereby lose his personal identity): - so jaras may be the substitute of the partially altered jara. Thus we get nirjarasau "two imperishables" ͍`ʜ: imperihsables and so on- On the other alternative, and when the affixes begin with a consonant, the word is declined like ̘. we now come to the declension of ̲ͥ̏ "the preserver of all".

161. AND WHEN JAS (1st pl.) or ich(t̷̜) COMES AFTER A LONG VOWEL, the long vowel homogeneous with the prior is not substitute for both (by No. 126, any more than under the circumstances stated in No. 127). We have therefore the 1st dual ̫ͥ̏ (by No.33), and plural ̲ͥ̏: (by No. 41)- In the vocative singular we have ̫ͥ̏: , the same as in the dual, as in the 1st case, ̫ͥ̏.

162. Let h (which is t̷̜ formed of su the first case-affix, and +h the fifth, and which

serves as a name common to the five), but NOT OF a NEUTER word called ̥ʍ̘̲y̍

162. When the affixes BIGINNING WITH SU and ending with ka ( which

occurs in the 70th aphorism of the 3rd Chapter of the 5th Lecture) FOLLOW, NOT being ̥ʍ̘̲y̍ (No. 162), let what precedes be called pada.

164. AND WHEN affixes, with an initial Y OR intial VOWEL, beginning with su and ending with ka, follow, not being ̥ʍ̘̲y̍ (No. 162), let what precedes be called BHA.[The question here arises, whether a word which gets the name of bha from this rule, and of pada from the one preceding, is to retain both names, or, if not, whih name is to be retained. The rule next cited supplies the answer.]

165. From this point (that is to say, from the 1st aphorism of the 4th chapter of 1st lecture), TO the aphorism of the 2nd Chapter of the 2nd Lecture) only ONE NAME of each thing named is to be recognised- viz: that which comes last (where the claims are otherwise equal- (see No. 112) and that which, were its claim disallowedd, would have no other opportunity of conducting to any results (see No. 33)

166. Let there be elision OF the final letter of an inflective base, entitled to the designation of bha (No. 164), when it ends in A t (No. 41) with long + as its final letter. The word ̫ͥ̏ ends in t, viz. (in the sense of preserving) which has long + as its final letter; and the word which, by No. 132, is called an inflective base(+W) when an affix follows, is by no 164, entitled to the designation of bha when the case-affix(not being one of the five first) begin with a vowel. The long + is elided Example, ̫ͥ̏+̲ = ̫ͥ̏: (2nd case plural), ̫ͥ̏ + h = ̫ͥ̏ (3rd String). Before the consonantal terminations there is no change. Example ̫̗̘ͥ̏ (3rd dual). In the same way are declined V "the blower of a conch-shell" and the like- Why do we say, "when it ends in a t?" Because primitive words, like ̷ "a gandharba," do not come within the scope of the rule. We now come to the declension of a noun ending in short i hari " a name of ̭ͥs" 1st s. ͜:, 1st du. (No. 146).

167. AND WHEN JAS FOLLOWS,Os,shall be the substitute of the short final of an inflective base. Hence 1st pl. hari+jas=:

168. The substitute OF A SHORT final Os, when ɖ̀ (No. 132) follows. By this and No. 153, we get the vocative sing. ,2nd s. ͜ (No. 134), 2nd du. , 2nd pl. Ս (No.136)

169. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF the word SAKHI, THE REST of the words that end in short i or u are called GHI. The words "the rest" are said to be employed here "for the sake of distinctness".

170. Let be the substitute OF +s coming after ghi (No. 169), but NOT IN THE FEMININE. The term +s is the ancient designation of h, the third sing. case affix.

Example ͜ + h = ͜s (No.137). 3rd du. ̘͜ 3rd pl. ͜: .

171. Let Os be the substitute OF GHI (No. 169), WHEN a case-affix WHICH HAS AN INDICATORY s FOLLOWS. Thus 4th s. ͜+ = (No.22)

172. AND when the short a of Ͳ AND R , comes after DR , let the form of the prior be the single substitute for both. Thus 5th and 6th s. ͜ + RͲ and so also ͜+R=: (No.171). 6th and 7th du.: (No.15 and59) - 6th pl. ͜s̘ (No. 147,148, and 137).

173. Let aut be the substitute of R (the case affix of the 7th s), when it follows short i or u, AND let short A be the substitute OF the GHI (No.169) itself. Thus 7th s. (No.33) 7th pl. ͜ (No. 149). In the same way are declined kavi "a poet" and the like.

174. +R is the substitute of the word sakhi, when SU FOLLOWS, provided it is not the sign of the vocative (No. 132). The substitute, though consisting of more letters than one (No.44), is prohibited by No. 45 from taking the place of more than the last letter. Thus we have sakhan +s.

175. The letter BEFORE THE LAST LETTER of a word is called THE PENULTIMATE (=̌).

176. AND the long form is the substitute of the penultimate letter(No. 175) of what ends in n, WHEN A ̥ʍ̘̲y̍ (No. 162). NOT being SAMBUDDHI (No. 132), FOLLOWS. Thus we have L̍ +s.

177. AN AFFIX consisting of A SINGLE LETTER (exclusive of indicatory letters) is called +H.

178. SU (the 1st sing. case affix) AND TI AND SI (the termination of two of the person of the verb) when reduced to a SINGLE CONSONANT (No.177), and when standing AFTER what ends in a CONSONANT OR in the LONG vowel deduced from the feminine terminations R (No.232) and +̏ (No *), are elided. Thus L̍ +s becomes L̍.

179. There is ELUSION OF N FINAL IN A pada which is entitled to the designation of t̏tF (No. 115). The word sakhi is a t̏zF; it becomes a pada (No. 14) when the case affix is added; and this name of pada it retains (by No.189) after the case affix has been elided. Thus L̍ is a pada. But L̍ is also entitled to the designation of t̏zF, like

L the place of which it occupies, according to No.143. Thus by the present rule, the form of the word becomes finally L "a friend".

180. Let a ̥ʍ̘̲y̍ (No. 162) coming AFTER the SAKHI, NOT IN THE sense of the

VOCATIVE SINGULAR, be like that which contains an indicatory s.

181. Let ̀ be the substitute od an inflective base ending in A VOWEL, WHEN THAT WHICH HAS AN INDICATORY R OR s FOLLOWS. Thus sakhi, when the 1st dual case-affix is to be annexed, becomes sakhai (No.180), and sakhi + au =L̙(No. 22), so also 1st pl. L̙: .The vocative sing. (by Nos. 168 and 133) is L. In the 2nd s. and du., L̙̘ and L̙ Nos 180 and 181 again apply: 2nd pl. LՍ (No. 126 and 136), 3rd s. L, 4th s. L .

182. Short u is the substitute OF the a of RͲ and R FOLLOWING the words KHI AND TI or L and t which have substituted s (No. 15) for the final vowel. Khi and ti are the terminations of the words sakhi and pati, which they are here employed to designate. The long forms L and t indicate certain derivative forms;

The words "which have substituted s " are employed to shaow that rule No.171 does not aply here; and the same object is attained in the aphorism by writing not khi and ti but khya and tya, the a in which is intended merely to facilitate prnounciation. Thus we have 5th and 6th s. L:

183. AUT is the substitute of R after short i. Hence 7th s. L. The rest is like hari (No. 166).

184. The word PATI is called ghi ( 169) ONLY when it is IN A COMPOUND(̘̲) Hence in the 4th s. t "to a master," No. 171 does not apply; in the 5th and 6th s. t: ,No 182. not No. 170, applies; and in 7th s. patyau, No. 204 applies, but not 194. The rest is like har. But in a compound, as in ܏t̙ "to the lord of the earth" pati is treated as ghi ( No. 170 & c).The word kati "how many?" takes the plural terminations only.

185. Let the words BAHU, and Os, and those which end in VATU and nt be called L. The word kati is one of those which end in nt, the n in which affix is indicatory.

186. AND let a L(No. 185) which ends in nt be called h.Thus the word kati is called h

187. Let there be ELISION (luk) of jas and ̲ AFTER words termed h (No 186).

188. Let the disappearance OF AN AFFIX when it id caused by the LIK, , OR LUP be designated by these terms respectively (to distinguish it from the ordinary elision termed

lopa-)

189. WHEN ELISIOM (lopa0 OF AN AFFIX HAS TAKEN PLACE, THE AFFIX shall still exert its influence, and the operations dependent upon it shall take place as if it were present.

the word Ks , in the aphorism, signifies "that by which a thing is recognised." A case-affix is recognised (No. 132) by its causing that which it follows to take the name +W.In accordance with the present rule therefore the word kati retains the name of +W, though the affixes jas and ̲ have been elided by No. 187; and in virtue of its having the name of +W, it ought to take a Os substitute through the operation of No.167. But thee rule following debars this.

190. When an affix is elide BY the enunciation of one of the three forms (in No. 188) CONTAINING the letters LU, the effect which it is competent to cause in respect of AN +W or inflective base shall NOT take place. In the 1st pl. of kati, the affix jas is elided by the enunciation of luk (187), and therefore the substitution of Os which the elided jas would otherwise (by Nos. 189 and167) have been competent to cause, does not take place. Thus we have 1st and 2nd pl. kati "how many ?" 3rd Ft͗:, 4th and 5th Ft̗:, 6th FtՍ̘ (Nos 147 and148 7th Fṱ (No. 169). The words yushmad "thou" asmad "I" and the words called h (No. * and 186) retain the same form in all the three genders. The word tri "three" is always plural. Example 1st pl. w̙: (No. 167), 2nd wՍ (No. 126 and 136), 3rd w͗:, 4th and 5th w̗:

191. TRAYA is the substitute OF TRI, when +̘ follows. Example, 6th pl. w̙s̘ (No. 147 and 148), 7th trishu(No. 149) And this rule applies also when tri is final in a compound adjective. Example, ͏w̙s̘ "of those who have three dear friends."

192. Short A is the substitute OF TYAD & C when a case affix follows. "TYAD & c" (see No.150) implies "tyad,tad,yad,etad, idam, adas, eka, and dwi." The ̷̗̭ directs that the list shall not extend beyond dwi." That this is the direction of tg͡ (the author of that "great commentary," on aphorism of s͍) is indicated by the form of expression "it is the wish," or "it is wished" (<ͮ: or <t. Compare No.14.) Thus we have 1st and 2nd du. dwau "two" (No. 127) 3rd 4th and 5th ̗̘ (No.140), 6th and 7th :(No. 146). We now come to the declension of ̏" the sun," (the cherisher of the world," derived from , "to cherish").

193. AND WHEN JAS or ich (t̷̜ No. 127) comes AFTER A LONG vowel, the long vowel homogeneous with the prior is not substituted(No. 126). Therefore (by No.15) 1st du, ̏, 1st pl. ̏: , vocative sing. ̏:, 2nd s. ̏՘ (No. 134), 2nd pl. ͏̍(No. 156), 3rd s. ̏, 3rd 4th and 5th du. ̏՗̘, 3rd pl. ̏͗:, 4th s. ̏, 4th and 5th pl. ̏՗:, 5th and 6th s. ̏: , 6th and 7th du. ̏: . There is not h (No. 147) for the vowel is long- hence 6th pl.

̘̏. When s is added, then by No. 55, 7th s. ̏, 7th pl. ̏խ.

In the same way are declined t̏͘ "an antelope," and the like. we now come to the declension ܬͲ "a man who has many excellent qualities."

194. Words ending in long < and >, alwaysFEMININE and having no masculine of the same form, (as the word O̘s has) are called z( the word z " a river" being a type of class)

"And its original gender is to be taken" into account: taht is to say, it is to be spoken of as retaining its character as a z, even when the word which was at first feminine comes to form part of a compound epithet applied to a male.

195. THE SHORT vowel shall be the substitute OF certain words SIGNIFYING "MOTHER", AND OF words called z (No.194), when the affix of the vocative singular follows. Example, ̷Ͳ(No. 133)

196. +h is the augment of the case-affixes with an indicatory R, when they come AFTER a word ending with z (No. 194)

197. AND when ach comes AFTER +h, ̀ is the single substitute for both. Thus in the 4th s. ̷̲ , 5th and 6th s. ̷̲: ,6th pl. ̷Ͳ̘̍ (No. 147)

198. +̘ is the substitute OF R after words ending in z (No. 194) AND in the feminine termination +̏ and the word . Hence 7th s. ̷̲̘. The rest of the declension is like ̏ (No. 192) . The word +t̡K̘ is, in the 1st s. +t̡K: who has surpassed K̘," the su not being elided by No.174, because the word K (the name of one of the goddesses) is a primitive, and is not formed by a feminine affix R. The rest of the declension is like ̷̲ (No.194). We now come to , 1st s. : "a man of superior understanding".

199. <R and =R are the substitutes OF what ends with the t̙ s and of what ends in A VERBAL ROOT IN I OR U (whether long or short), AND of the inflective base ,WHEN an affix beginning with A VOWEL FOLLOWS. This rule should include the case of (which is formed from the verbal root "to meditate"), but the rule following restricts it.

200. s is the substitute of I or < terminating a verbal root final in an inflective base OF MORE VOWELS THAN ONE, provided the I or < is NOT PRECEDE BY A COMPOUND CONSONANT forming part of the root, when an affix beginning with a vowel follows. In , which is a dissyllable, the final < terminates an inflective base of more vowel than one, and it is not preceded by a compound consonant. The rule therefore applies, and we have 1st and 2nd du. 댙, 2nd s. ̘, 1st and 2nd pl. 댙: 7th s. ь.The rest of the declension is like that of ̏(No. 192). In the same way O̘s: " a female head of a village"; but, in the 7th s.

this makes O̘s̘(by No.198, being derived from the root s "to lead). Why "of more vowels than one?" Witness : "a leader" which makes, by No.199 which occupies a later place in the +̙̌ -. In the 7th s. ͍̙̘ (No. 198)- Why "provided the vowel is not preceded by a compound consonant/" witness 1st du. ̙ͬ "two prosperous men," and ̥F "two purchasers of barely" where the final < is preceded by a compound consonant, and to which therefore not this rule but No. 199 applies.

201. AND let pra &c (No. 35), in combination with a verb, be called GATI ( as well as upasarga). it is not wished (by the author of the ̷̗̭) that s (enjoined by No.200) should be the substitute of a word to which is prefixed anything else than Ot or a F̜F (meaning by F̜F a case which is in grammatical relation with a verb). Therefore in the example ـz "two men of pure minds" the substitution of s does not take place. but no.199 applies, because the word ـ means the "one whose thoughts are pure," and here the word "pure" is in grammatical relation with the verb 'are" in respect to which it is therefore F̜F,but it is not so in regard to the verb "to think" from which the word is derived.

202. When a case affix beginnin with a vowel comes AFTER these two viz. and ٌ , there shall NOT be s. (This debars No. 210 and 200, adn gives occasion for No.199 to come into operation). Hence 1st d. ̙͌, "two intelligent persons," 1st pl. ̙͌: & c. The word L signifies "one who loves pleasure", it is declined like t "one who wishes a son:" thus - 1st s. L:, t:; 1st. d. L, t; 5 and 6 s. L: ,t: (No. 182). The rest is like (No. 199 &c). The word ̘ "Siva" is declined like hari ̭ͥs and in like manner ̍ "the sun," &c.

203. With the five first case-affixes (No.162) excludig the case where the sense is that of the vocative singular F is LIKE what ends in tZ . That is to say, F is employed instead of the word F "a jackal".

204. WHEN R (7th sing.) & THE FIVE FIRST CASE-AFFIXES COME AFTER what ends in short @, Os shall be substituted for the inflective base that ends in @. This being obtained (another rule presents itself).

205.When su, not in the sense of the vocative, follows, let +R be the augment of what ends in short @, and of =̲̍ "the regent of the planet Venus," ٝz̨̲ "indra", and anehas "time" [this gives F +an +s]

206. When the first five case-affixes, excluding the case where the sense is that of the vocative singular, come after the word AP "water" what ends in w̍ or w\ , ̬ 'a sister," ' "a grand son," "a priest who officates at a sacrifice, " t̮ "a carpenter," Kw "a

charioteer" w a priest who recites the @Oz at a sacrifice, "w " a priest who offciates at a sacrifice," and ͵ "a ruler," the penultimate letter (No. 175) shall be lengthened. Thus [we get F̍ +s, but the s is elided by No.178 and the n by No.179-leaving] 1st sing. F, 1st du. F̜, (the @ becoming ar by No. 225, and being lengthened to +̜ by No. 206) 1st p. F̜:. In the 2nd p. the form F is derived from the F By Nos. 126 and 136

207. F may OPTIONALYY be as if it ended in t\ WHEN THE 3RD OR ANY SUBSEQUENT CASE-AFFIX THAT BEGINS WITH A VOWEL FOLLOWS. Thus , 3rd sing. F, 4th sing. Fw.

208. When the short a of RͲ and R (5th and 6th sing.) comes AFTER SHORT @, then SHORT U followed by r, is the single substitute for both. [Thus we get F + s]

209. There is elision OF S, but not any other letter of the alphabet, when it comes at the end of a conjunct consonant AFTER R.Visarga is then substituted for the r, ny No 92., and we get F - 6 and 7 du Fw:

210. WHEN A CASE-AFFIX, beginning with a vowel, FOLLOWS, then s shall be the substitute for an inflective base containing more vowels than one, if the base ends with a verbal root ending in U or > not preceded by a conjunct consonant forming pat of the verb. Thus we have 1st du L̡, 1st p. L̡: .In the same way ١ "who cuts well" &c.[ But this does not apply to ̗ "the self-existent," because of the prohibition by No. 202-]. 1st s. ̗:, 1st p. ̗ܥ: . We have next the declension of ̭ʗ.

211. AND the substitute OF ̭ʗ "a frog-rain born." shall be s when a vowel follows, [in spite of No. 202].Thus we have, 1st du. ̭ʗ and so on. Next we have to consider the declension of "a snake."

212. AND optionally substitutes the long vowel, when ̘ follows. Hence s̘ or s̘

213. Placed AFTER a word ending in o, such as go "a cow," each of the first five case-affixes is AS IF IT HAD AN INDICATORY cerebral s, [the effect of which is to substitute ߀ for the preceding vowel]. Thus 1. s go+s=O:, 1.d. O̥, 1p. O̥: [The t in the w shows(No. 26) that the rule speaks of the vowel o, not of the word go.]

214. WHEN the vowel of AM OR ̲ comes AFTER O, the single substitute of both is long +. Thus - 2.s go+am = O̘, 2du. (see No. 213) O̥ 2.p. O:. The 3rd and 4th s. O̥ and gave are formed according to the general rules for the permutation of vowels. In the 5. and 6.s (by No.172) O: & c.

215. OF rai 'WEALTH," when A CASE-AFFIX BEGINNING WITH A CONSONANT FOLLOWS, long + shall be the substitute. Thus 1.s. rai+s=:, 1 du.̙, 1. `. ̙: 3. d. ̗̘ , 7c. Glau "the moon", is declined regularly-thus-1.s. P:, 1.d. P̥, 1.p.P̥:, 3. d. P旙̘, &c. So much for masculine ending in vowels. OF FEMININE WORDS ENDING IN VOWELS. The first example is which, by No.199, takes the form in the 1st case sing.

216. Let ͨ be the substitute OF +R AFTER an inflective base ending in +̏ . This +R is the name of whatever case-affi begins with +. Hence, 1 d. ( + =) rame, 1. p ̘:

217. AND WHEN SU FOLLOWS IN THE SENSE OF THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR, let e be the substitute of +̏. By No. 133 there is elision of the case-affix following e in the sense of the voc. sing. Thus , voc.d. (No.216), voc. p. :, 2.s. ̘, 2. du. , 2. p. :

218. AND IF +R (No. 170) or OS FOLLOW, e shall be the substitute of +̏. Thus 3. s. (rame + +=) ̙, 3.4. and 5. du. ̗̘, 3.p. ̗:.

219.t is the augment of whatever case-affix, FOLLOWING +̏, has an indicatory R. Thus, ߀ being obtained from No. 47, we have 4. s.(+h+e=) ̙, 4. and 5. p. ̘̗:, 5 and 6 s. ̙:, 6.d.̙: (No. 218), 6.p.s̘ (Nos. 147 and 137), 7. s. ̙̘ (No. 198), 7. p. ̲. In the same way are declined zO "the goddess zO," +јF "a mother" and the like

220. Let h be the augment of whatever case-affix, with an indicatory R, z# AFTER A PRONOUN ending in +̏; AND let A SHORT vowel substitute take the place of +̏. Thus the 4. s. f. of sarva "all," is (̥+h +e=) sarvasyai, 5. and 6. s. ̥ʲ:, 6. p. ̥ʲ̘ (No. 154), 7. s. ̥ʲ̘ (No.198). The rest is like . In the same way are declined ̫ͥ "all," and the like, ending in +̏.

221. IN A COMPOUND, of the kind termed ̷׷ (No.*), WITH a word signifying DIRECTION (No. 155), the pronominal character is optional. Thus in the 4.s. we may have either =u̜ܥʲ (No. 220) or =u̜ܥʙ (No. 219) "for what lies to the north-east." According to No.159, the name of pronominal is optionally given to what ends in tՙ. Hence 4.s ͈tՙ̲ or ͈tՙ̙ "to the second." In the same way wtՙ "the third." According to No. 195, a short vowel is substituted in the voc. sing. of words signifying "mother." example, he amba, he akka, he alla. In accordance with No.161, we may have 1.s. `̜ "decrepitude," 1.d.`̜̲ or `̜ &c. On the alternative of its not being considered pronominal, the word is declined like . O " a cowherdess," is declined like ̫ͥ̏ (No. 161). t: "sagacity," 2.p t: (No. 126),3.s t (No. 191).

222. Words, always feminine, ending in long < and > , with the exception of the word

" a woman," being such as admit <R and =R (No.199); and also words ending in short i and u in the feminine, are optionally termed z (No. 195) when a case-affix with an indicatory R follows. Hence 4.s (By. No. 197 t + +h +e=) t, or, alternatively (No.171) t̙, 5. and 6.s. t: or t: (No. 172)

223. +̘ is the substitute of R AFTER SHORT I OR U, when these are termed z (No. 222). Hence 7.s t̘ (No. 198, or on the alternative of the name z not being taken, t (Nos. 222 and 173.- The rest is like hari (No.166). In the same way ̀ "intellect," and the like.

224. t̲ AND Zt̲ are instead of TRI "three," AND CHATUR "FOUR," IN THE FEMININE, when a case-affix follows.

225. WHEN A VOWEL FOLLOWS, then R shall be the substitute OF @ of t̲ and Zt̲. Hence there is neither Os (No. 204), nor prolongation (No. 126), nor the substitutiom of u(No.230). Thus 1. and 2. p t̲: ,3. p. t̲͗:, 4. and 5. p. t̲ߗ:. When +̘ (6.p) follows, h is obtained from No. 147; and then the preceding vowel ought to be lengthened by No.148, but the next rule forbids this.

226. t̲ and Zt̲ ARE NOT lengthened, when ̘.follows. Thus 6.p t̲ߍ̘ , 7.p. t̲߭. The word dwi "two," becomes, in the feminine 1. and 2.d dwe (No.192 and 216), 3.4. and 5. d ̗̘, 6. and 7. d : (No. 218). O "the brilliant (goddess ̥t)" is declined as follows:- 1.s.O (No. 195), and so on. In the same way z "a river," and the like. The word K̘ "the godess of prosperity," not being a derivative, does not fall under No. 178, and therefore makes in the 1. s. K̘:. The rest is like O. In the same way t̜ 'a boat," t̍w" a guitar-string,' and the like. The word 'a woman" makes 1. s. (No 178), voc. he stri (No. 195).

227. <R be the substitute OF , when an affix beginning with a vowel follows. Thus 1. d. ͵̙, 1. p. ͵̙:

228. OPTIONALLY is <R the substitute of , WHEN AM OR ̲ FOLLOWS.Thus2. s. ͵̙̘ or ՘ (No 134), 2. p. ͵̙: or : (No. 126), 3. s. ͵̙, 4.s ͵̙ (Nos 196 and 197), 6. s. ͵̙:. In the 6. p h is obtained.because No. 167 is a w posterior to No. 227 Hence s̘, 7. p խ . The word "prosperity" makes 1.s